How data is stored on a hard drive

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How data is stored on a hard drive -

When a file is stored on a computer, the data is stored on the magnetic coating of the plate of the hard drive. This magnetic coating on the plates is the 'glue' that holds the data. Any damage to that magnetic coating means that there is no loss of data as each piece of missing coating contains data. So a dish lacks a little 'of the coating has a better chance of a successful recovery of data as opposed to a dish that has had such a huge amount of magnetic coating removed or destroyed.

hard drive failure Parts

typical hard disk components that fail include:

Platters Hard disk platters, or spindle , is rotated by an electric motor. The speed of this rotation is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) and the greater the yield of the hard drive ... the greater the number of revolutions is that it increases the reading and writing of data to the dishes. Any surface contact for the dishes may cause serious damage to the magnetic strip contains the data. This includes dust, fingerprints, water, and most important of all, the hard drive heads. Platter damage is the most serious type of damage to cause hard disk failure.

Heads (Head Crash) When the hard drive is not actively in use, the heads are parked until the hard drive needs to read or write the data again. And 'when this head moves outside the ultra thin cushion of' air between plates that causes the head to sleep and touches the plate hard drive.

Firmware The firmware is the program instructions can be found on chips on printed circuit board (PCB). Each version of the firmware is specific for its type of hard drive and every hard drive can go through dozens of firmware revisions to increase disk performance that particular manufacturer. The old hard drive, the harder it would be to find a working firmware for that specific model of hard drive.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) The PCB of the hard drive is the drive electronics drive that manages and operates the hard drive. If a PCB is damaged it is often replaced with an identical PCB with the same firmware on the original hard drive. Typically PCB damage is from water or fire, but there are other reasons why one would fail PCB. And many times a failed PCB affect other aspects such as firmware or heads.

Types of hard disk failure

In general, when a disk is not because of any of the following:

Failure Otherwise known as a medium head [1945004crash] (as described above), the heads of the hard drive is physically touched and damaged the magnetic coating on the plates.

mechanical failure In general, any electronic failure on the hard drive fits into this category. Fire, water, electrical damage to the hard disk may require replacement 'parts'.

PCB Failure As described above, the PCB failure falls in the type of mechanical failure and can typically be 'swapped' for an identical PCB for that specific type of hard drive. Together with the correct firmware for this disc, replacement PCB can be a difficult type of hard drive repair if the hard drive is an older model.

Logical Drive Failure This type of hard drive Failure is usually the least harmful to the data. This type of error usually means that the computer's operating system (or utility) can see the unit, marked as unallocated space, but because MFT computer is corrupted or damaged, it can not read the data. hard drive failure of this type is non-destructive and the chances of a full recovery of successful data are high.

Types of non-mechanical hard drive failure

Other causes for the loss of data and the reason for the recovery of data would be needed could include the following:

natural disasters, extreme weather conditions that are out of our control can make a bad day worse. If your computer has been immersed in water due to a flood, scorched by the fire or near a lightning strike, there is still a chance to recover data from the hard drive.

The human factor accidentally deleting files, formatting the wrong disk drive, and attempt to update your system only operational for failure are the most common problems that come up. Also, be careful as most of the people who are with their laptops, a small drop from the sofa to the floor or down a flight of stairs, is the kind of jarring force to the disk that could cause serious damage to the hard drive platters .

e-mail viruses are usually the way Most viruses are spread from computer to computer. In addition, visiting questionable websites that have scripts, malware or spyware waiting to understand the system and put your data at risk. We recommend running the latest anti-virus software to protect your data from this type of data loss and to reduce the need to request data recovery service.

So how do you protect yourself from losing your data? Back It Up! However, if you need more data recovery services, be sure to use a company that specializes in hard disk recovery data.

You can recover deleted text messages? - How to Recover deleted text messages

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You can recover deleted text messages? - How to Recover deleted text messages -

're wondering if you can recover deleted SMS? You need to know you can recover deleted text messages? If so then you are in the right place as this article will show you exactly how to recover deleted text messages. So, read on to learn how to get your lost SMS and other data Sim back.

First let me explain how to recover deleted text messages. You see a SIM card does not immediately delete a file, once you delete it. Instead just free the space that was occupied by that file (massage) and lists its space as available reusable space. However until that space is overwritten by new data, in your case new messages, phone numbers, etc., your old deleted files are still there and can be recovered.

Now, in order to get deleted messages back you are going to need two instruments. One of them is a USB Sim card reader and the other is a decent recovery program Sim Card.

Sim card recovery programs are very similar to data recovery software, but are specifically designed for recovering data from SIM cards. They are able to recover deleted text messages, deleted phone numbers, call logs and a lot of other deleted data from SIM, and can do everything at the click of a few buttons.

The good news is that most of these programs offer a free trial version for download, so you can check to see which messages can be recovered at this time.

So if you were wondering it is possible to recover deleted text messages then no longer wonder how it can easily be done with the right tools . If you have a USB SIM card reader and a good SIM recovery program then Recover deleted text messages should be a walk I the park. Visit the link below to learn more about recovering deleted text messages and download some free software ...

80244019 Error Fix - Windows Update Error 80244019

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80244019 Error Fix - Windows Update Error 80244019 - Repair Guide

80244019 The Windows error is a problem with the computer that is usually experienced when the Windows Update function is used to update Windows . This type of error can occur due to various reasons; the common reason, however, is that the automatic update service is not turned on. But then, you should still be cautious, because this can lead to serious complications for Windows, as the inaccessibility of the Windows Update server or virus infection. When a virus can infiltrate your computer, you can mix the values ​​in the Automatic Updates services and bring up more mistakes.

What causes error 80244019

This particular error is mainly determined by Windows Update malfunctions and having difficulty carrying out its tasks due to obstructions such as virus infection or the files and Windows settings it may have been damaged or corrupted. Otherwise, the registry database can be the source of error. Be wary of viruses because some target the Automatic Updates service on and off the Windows Update feature. However, if your computer is always slow in its processes, then perhaps the source of the error is in the registry. If you want to immediately correct this error, then follow the instructions in this tutorial. The process involves scanning your PC for viruses, disabling Windows Update and clean your registry.

How to fix the error 80244019

First, you want to identify the virus that could possibly infected the update functions. Run a powerful anti malware, such as XoftSpy. This tool can effectively eliminate the virus and identify infections. Viruses can be difficult to remove; if you leave it alone, you can install the rogue files that can launch malicious activity on your computer. They may have the same name as the file or important programs of Windows, so you could exchange their legitimate software. With the use of XoftSpy tool, they can be detected and removed.

If the problem is not a virus infection, then the next thing to do is to disable the Windows Update service s. The error would disappear if the problem is with the Update Services.


Go to Start> Run> type "regedit" in the box and press ENTER to confirm. This task will be to modify the registry, so you have to be careful because the registry is quite a delicate component. On the left side of the registry, find "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE SOFTWARE Policies Microsoft Windows WindowsUpdate AU." On the right side of the registry, find the "UseWUServer" and change the value; from "dword: 00000001" replace it with "DWORD: 00000000."
If the error is still there, so the last thing you should check is the registry. For this, use the Frontline Registry Cleaner; It is the trusted and reliable tool that deals with problems in the registry. Has the most delicate set of data: the registry keys, settings, files, options, etc. These are all constantly in use by Windows to run programs and execute commands. Since the database become overworked, some of its data is damaged or corrupted and this situation leads to the appearance of errors.

A brief history of external storage devices - from floppy disk to the hard disk

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A brief history of external storage devices - from floppy disk to the hard disk -

From the beginning of the personal computer (PC) people need external memory. In the following material we will discuss the start of the external storage (floppy disk) to current technologies. PC At the beginning there were only floppy disk drives that were 5 1/4 "wide. The operating system and the applications needed to be loaded into the floppy drive just to run the computer in the early 1980. The hard disk of computer allowed the applications to be loaded into the computer without the floppy drive. During this time, people could store information about these floppy disks and keep it connected to be refueled in the computer later.

l 'original 5 1/4 "floppy required 0KB (kilobytes) of data, but quickly improved to 360KB. To put this in perspective 1 KB is about half of a page of text. Floppy drives were made from a vinyl as a disk that had tracks where the data was stored. The 5 1/4 "Drive topped out at 1.2 MB (megabytes) but were still contained in the fragile disc that was prone to environmental contamination. The format next to come out were 3 1/2" floppy. These were not only smaller but had a plastic case that protects them. Although it began holding only 720KB of data, they were soon able to hold 1.44MB of data and were much easier to store in the cases and out of the site. By the end of 1980 the 5 1/4 "floppy disks were replaced by 3 1/2" format.

During the same period in 1980, the internal hard drive was becoming a standard for the PC as well. There are clear differences between the hard drive storage (think library of information) and memory (RAM - random access memory), and the floppy drive (used to take the information with you). Hard drives started in 5 1/4 "format to store 5 MB (megabytes) of constantly growing data in the course of 1980 until the units Quantum 1.28GB. To put this in perspective 1GB is about 250 MP3 songs . Unlike floppy disks, hard disks have been installed inside the computer. hard drives have continued to make progress reducing their form factor to 3 1/2 "in 190. These hard drives were listed as half a unit height. By 190, the hard drives are rapidly growing from about 40 GB (gigabytes) of total space all the way up to units 3 TB (terabytes) of today.

hard drives continue to shrink with laptop models standardize on 2 1/2 "form factor. The hard drives inside an outer casing, while technically around for some time, were becoming available in the consumer market in standard formats such as USB (Universal Serial Bus), FireWire, and SATA (Serial Attached to), even though the 00 these new formats allowed these fences to be portable enough with a standardized interface (like USB) that allows you to connect to another system painlessly USB. provides a plug and play more generic enabling the system to identify the unit as soon as you connect it. there are few fences on market which can contain multiple drives and even offer RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) capabilities. RAID provides the ability to mirror data from one hard drive to another or distance (strip) data on the drives you have. This provides an error proof in the case where a hard disk is lost due to a failure to the computer will not notice any difference in the access to the data as the other hard drives take over.

Although the disks were standardized by the complete (height or half-height form factor) the diversified floppy drive in a full range of products, including USB drives today. At the end of 1980 there was a new format called CD (compact disk) which offered the data stored on a plastic disc with reflective support. These CD drives were 5 1/4 "form factor and fit easily into existing expansion slots in the PC. CD started 680MB of data storage holds about 74 minutes of music and have topped out at 700MB of data. CD became the standard format for removable storage and are still widely used today. in the early 190 Iomega came to the market with the Iomega Zip drive. This external storage device started to 100MB and has grown to 750MB density. cartridge was based continuing "3 1/2 floppy innovation. This new type of storage has several connections to the PC.

In principle the connection was SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), but later developed into a (Universal Serial Bus) USB connection. In 1995 SmartMedia had arrived on the scene Toshiba Corporation. SmartMedia was a small (45 mm) plastic card with a flash memory module that allows direct 2MB of storage, but this quickly grew to 64 MB / 128 MB. These cards were used in digital cameras and other devices which can remove the storage and reading on a PC. Today you can find various sizes up to 32 GB on a single card. Unlike older technologies these new devices were much more robust than the floppy drive, and much more portable. During this same period of time the DVD (digital video disc) has come to the market to replace the CD. This format provided 4.7GB (8.5G Double Layer) of storage space on the same optical disc format that CDs are based. As the density increases Blu-Ray DVD arrived to provide 50GB of storage space with double layer disc is the most common. Blu-Ray offers the best video format high-density now commercially available with 100GB of data that are the standard.

to today as the hard drives and portable external storage have progressed to SSD Flash technology forward (Solid State Disk). This portable storage transformed in view of the ubiquitous USB flash drives people carry around with them. internal hard drives based on SSD technology allow you to use SATA to connect the indoor unit to your PC or laptop. SATA is the common standard for connecting hard drives. These units are more durable and have lower access time. How new emerging technologies such as cloud computing come there will be less demand for portable storage and hard drives. Cloud computing allows you to run the application on the web, while data resides elsewhere (the cloud). Make no mistake the data is stored, not only to the hard disk or floppy.

CSV vs JSON vs. XML - which is the best format for response data?

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CSV vs JSON vs. XML - which is the best format for response data? -

If you are building a thin client (web application) or at some point thick client (client-server), you are probably making requests to a Web server, and they need a good size data for the answers. To date, there are three main data formats used to transmit data from a Web server to a client: CSV, XML, and JSON. In order to develop an application with a robust architecture, it is a good idea to understand the differences between each format and know when to use them. The purpose of this post is to define each data format, lay out the pros and cons of each, and find out which situations work best with each format.

CSV

CSV stands for "comma separated values". As the name suggests, this data format is basically a list of items separated by commas. Let's say that the answer is sending back a list of people in a particular family. The format would look like this:

Eric, Andrea, Kusco

Pros - This format is the most compact of all three formats. In general, CSV formats are about half the size of XML and JSON formats. This is the main advantage of CSV, because it can help reduce the bandwidth

Cons - This format is the least versatile of all three formats. This is because a homemade parser is required to convert the CSV data into a native data structure. Therefore, if the data structure changes, there is an associated overhead of having to change or even redesign your parsers. Moreover, since the creation program CSV and CSV parser reside on different machines (remember that we are passing data from one machine to another), then both programs must be updated simultaneously to prevent the program of crash reception. Otherwise, the interruption is required to update both programs individually to avoid incompatibility problems.

Finally, CSV actually does not support data hierarchies. What if you wanted to return the attributes for each person in every family? You would then need to design a complex parser that knows which parts of the CSV refer to elements of a family, and which parts refer to elements of each person. One way to solve this problem is to use another delimiter such as ";" to separate the attribute of each person

Eric; male; 26, Andrea; female; 26, Kusco; male; 8

The problem with the creation of custom sizes, however, is that it incurs an overhead of maintaining a more complex parser.

XML

XML stands for "Extensible Markup Language". XML was designed in 1996 and officially became a W3C standard in 1998. It 'was created to better represent data formats with a hierarchical structure. The format is similar to the following:

<Person> <name> Eric <!-- name--> <age> 26 <!-- age--> <!-- person--> <person> <name> Andrea <!-- name--> <age> 26 <!-- age--> <!-- person--> <person> < name> Kusco <!-- name--> <age> 8 <!-- age--> <!-- person-->

Pros - This data format fully supports hierarchical data structures and it is very appropriate when you receive complex data as a response. It is also very readable. Most browsers have built in XML readers that allow you to inspect the XML file. Since XML was the first of the series of hierarchical data format, most APIs have built in function to automatically convert the XML data flows in structures of native data as objects.

Cons - This data format is about three times larger than CSV. This is because each data element has an opening tag and closing associated parameter.

JSON

stands for JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). E 'was invented in 01 and became popular as Yahoo and Google in 05 and 06. It' was created as an alternative to XML. XML, however, is hierarchical data with the use of commas, braces and brackets. An example of JSON is similar to the following:

{ "name": "Eric", "age": "26"},
{ "name": "Andrea", "age": "26"},
{ "name": "Kusco", "aged", "8"}

pro - This format data supports hierarchical data while being smaller in size than XML. As the name suggests, it was also created to analyze more easily the data in native JavaScript objects, making it very useful for web applications. JSON is the best of both worlds with respect to CSV and XML. It 'simple and compact like CSV, but supports hierarchical data as XML. A difference of XML, JSON formats are only about twice as large as CSV.

Cons - This data format has a little 'less XML support. Since JSON is relatively recent than XML, fewer APIs exist to automatically convert JSON to native data structures. However, this is changing rapidly, because the API and the latest plugins are supporting both XML and JSON.

Conclusions

As a general rule, JSON is the best format for data exchange to date. It is lightweight, compact and versatile. CSV to be used only if you are sending huge amounts of data and if the bandwidth is an issue. Today, XML should not be used as a format for exchange of data, because it is more suitable for markup documents.

How quickly make a bootable USB stick with FreeBSD

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How quickly make a bootable USB stick with FreeBSD -

Installing FreeBSD, or use an existing FreeBSD installation, and proceed as follows:

1) First, you to prepare and format the USB stick:

-BI fdisk / dev / da0
disklabel -B w da0s1
-O1 newfs -U / dev / da0s1a
boot0cfg -v -B da0
( "U -O1" [ "O" like in Olympus, not zero] is for UFS1 that provides copying much faster than UFS2, if you decide to UFS2, type "U -O2" - but expect that the copy will be slower)

2) mount it: mount / dev / da0s1a / USB
3) copy all directories (FreeBSD) for the stick
4) After copying, change the /usb/boot/loader.conf (explained below)
5) in the / boot directory on your USB stick is required MFS (Memory File System - mfsroot.gz), which will (instructions are below)
6) Change / etc / fstab in MFS and put the following line (only) here:
/ dev / md0 / ufs rw 0 0
7) After you start your computer with the stick, you will be in the environment from which MFS you want to mount the USB stick with mount_nullfs (described below)

Change the /boot/loader.conf the USB stick

You must have the following lines in your /boot/loader.conf (some lines are optional):

mfsroot_load = "YES"
mfsroot_type = "mfs_root"
mfsroot_name = "/ boot / mfsroot "
nullfs_load =" YES "
splash_bmp_load =" YES "
vesa_load =" YES "
geom_uzip_load =" YES "
geom_label_load =" YES "
bitmap_load =" YES "
bitmap_name = "/ boot / splash.bmp"
snd_driver_load = "YES"
kern.maxfiles = "25000"
kern.maxusers = "64"
= vfs.root.mountfrom " / dev / md0 "

# More filesystem driver

udf_load =" YES "
linux_load =" YES "
fuse_load =" YES "
ntfs_load =" YES "
ext2fs_load =" YES "
reiserfs_load =" YES "

Make your own MFS

FreeBSD, after booting the kernel, you can use the root file system in memory (mfsroot_load = "sI" command in /boot/loader.conf will do the trick). To build such a memory file system, type the command:
dd if = / dev / zero of = mfsroot bs = 1024k count = 42

will be created mfsroot file of about 40 MB. You need to format it, mount it and copy the most important files in it from the FreeBSD system (/ bin, / sbin, / etc, / root ....):

MDConfig -a -f mfsroot md0
newfs / dev / md0
mount / dev / md0 / mnt

once copied, you need to take it apart and gzip: gzip mfsroot

Alternatively, you can chroot it to see if everything works, then copy the mfsroot.gz a / usb / boot on your USB flash drive (or disk). If you think that might be a problem to choose the most important files for your MFS (from your FreeBSD installation), the search for mfsbsd in Google and use his image only MFS (contained in the downloadable ISO mfsbsd) toolset or.

After booting from USB stick (you jump into MFS), it is necessary to fit the physical USB key:

/ sbin / mount -o ro / dev / da0s1a / USB
/ sbin / mount_nullfs / usb / boot / boot
/ sbin / mount_nullfs / usb / usr / usr

the above commands will help you use the large / usr directory on the USB stick instead of / usr dir MFS. mount_nullfs / usb / boot / boot is optional, as in MFS / boot directory only the following files are required for the small MFS to boot (/ boot / kernel MFS): geom_label.ko, geom_uzip.ko, zlib.ko to their debug symbols (zlib.ko.symbols, etc.). By mounting the / usb / boot dir mount_nullfs via the / boot directory in your MFS you will be able to load kernel modules.

How Safe Deposit Boxes Cost?

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How Safe Deposit Boxes Cost? -

If you have some valuables you want to keep as money, jewelry, insurance policies, original works, titles, mortgages, etc., you may find yourself heading to a local bank to get a safe box. The acquisition of a safe deposit box is reasonably priced at many banks. Safe deposit boxes are a must have for storing important documents that you might need in an emergency.

The rent per year for a safe deposit box charges for the size and the number available at any office of the bank. Most banks fees are in the same range. You should check with your bank for sizes, fees and readiness of the box. Most banks require that you go in the same branch to get quotes on the box.

There are many different sizes that you can get with a bank. Listed here is the average cost of a box across several banks.

  • According to the research, the normal load of the safety deposit box costs from $ 30 to $ 75 per year.
  • Bank of America charges $ 10 to $ 0 for a size of 17x15, $ 30 for a size of 2x5 and has the same charges for 10x10 box.
  • Chase Bank has more than a lot of formats to choose from. A 2 × 5 can cost $ 60 to $ 65 per year.
  • For Citibank, a box of size 2 × 5 is $ 20 for an annual fee and a fee of $ 3,320 for a size of 24 × 48 is like an annual fee.
  • Wells Fargo also has various sizes to choose from. For a 2 × 5, this is $ 40 a year, while their 10 × 10 is $ 0 per year

Where are the safe deposit boxes find?

The safes are usually found in the section bank vaults. This time it is made of concrete and steel. When you rent a safe deposit box, you are issued two keys that fit only to your safety deposit box. Each key should be stored in a safe place which is separate. Some banks may oblige a key deposit fee. This application fee can cost $ 10 to $ 30. If you lose the key in the long run, you will have to pay a locksmith fee, or a fee that the bank chooses.

If you are planning to have one for your home, the SentrySafe H2300 can cost anywhere from $ 40 to $ 60. There are many other different brands and models that can be in this price range.