Backup Software Enterprise

"We just broke up, and he already has a new girlfriend!"

If something hurts more than an unwanted breakup, you are losing your ex to someone else. If your boyfriend broke up with you in favor of some other girl or he happened to meet someone while single again, the pain and rejection are just as bad.

One thing you must understand is that once your ex boyfriend has physically moved. There's nothing you can really do about this, and before you see the better you will be. As you want to jump in the car and try to stop his new relationship to happen, this kind of behavior is only going to backfire on you.

However Emotionally? There is a good chance that your ex still loves you. Although the act of rupture might seem sudden, feelings and emotional bonds developed in the course of your relationship not just disappear into thin air. Your ex still has strong links with you ... bonds that has chosen not to tackle so go ahead and start dating someone else. Playing on these attacks there are ways to get your ex to need and want to get back into her life again, even if it is already with a new girlfriend.

Accept and awaiting the return of our Your Boyfriend Report

Initially, you're going to need to sit on your hands for a while '. When your ex has a new girlfriend, she is going to idolize her during the honeymoon phase of their new relationship. You already know how this feels, because you had the same thing happens when you and your ex started dating before: those few magical weeks where everything was perfect and none of you might be doing something wrong.

show up here and you'll look foolish and needy. You can not be angry, you can not be upset, and you can not "warn" him not to date this girl no matter how bad you think that you are for him. Anything and everything you do to stop your ex's new relationship will be met with resistance, and your ex will lose tons of respect for you. He knows he is acting solely out of jealousy, and tell the truth, we are.

What to do when he has a New Girlfriend

What you can do during this crucial period of time? Well, a lot of things. For starters, you need to think back to the origins of the relationship you had with your ex boyfriend, and analyze how they were in pairs. Do not just remember the times and places, try to remember the feelings and emotions. Try to remember how you treat your ex as you talked to him, and what your conduct has been like. also try to remember what he liked about you, because only recreating these circumstances can make your ex want you back.

The next thing you need to do is pull out your downward spiral. Bitterness, rejection, despair, desperation ... all these things will weigh down, further increasing your misery. Think your ex will want you back when you see him that way? He will not even be remotely interested. This is why you need to pick yourself, dust yourself off, and move forward in ways that make you look confident, independent, calm, cool, collected and totally.

Imagine that you present yourself in the most attractive way possible. Start hitting the gym, sunbathe, buy some new clothes ... look good, feel good, and do all you can to beat your former flat on his ass the next time he sees you. Physically, you want to be the best. Mentally? Same thing. Put out good vibrations - go to places of entertainment with friends and family - happy, charismatic, and someone that everyone wants to be around. All these great improvements are things you should do if you want your ex boyfriend back or not, so get on them.

avoiding the trap Friendship

Some guys will still try to stay in touch with you when you have a new girlfriend. You might think that this is a great way to stay in his life, but in reality it becomes nothing more than a safety net ... a ... a backup 'B' plan. Your ex will keep stringing along while he decides whether his new relationship is working or not. This is not what you want, because it will seriously prolong your break. And as they hang to wait scraps from the table of his love story in progress? It will also erode away the respect of your ex for you.

Seeing and hearing about your ex-boyfriend with his new girlfriend even crazy. You will become more and more worn and ugly to him, to the point that almost did not even want it back. In the end, even if you did get back together? Would you have sour feelings toward him for the rest of your relationship, and you would always crucify him for what he did. This would destroy any chance you might have for a healthy love story, in the long term, even if you have it again.

The best thing is to refuse to be friends with an ex coming out with someone else. Just tell him you love him too much to go into feign friendship with him. On foot, and tell him that it is best if you both do your thing. This forces your ex to make a choice , and is one of the best ways to get it back.

Introduction Lewis Jeans operates as a manufacturer of jeans for ten years, and is currently one of the leading producers in the UK. 300 employees are divided into three geographical areas, with the head office in Croydon.

Due to a number of contributing factors, there has been a decline in sales and profits compared to the previous 12 month period.

Sales - 20% reduction
Profit - 40% reduction
Returns due to quality problems - 15%

These figures, coupled with an alarming turnover of staff , and high production costs have meant that a thorough review of the whole structure of society is needed to stop further degeneration, and to allow to re-establish itself as a market leader.

This report will investigate the following areas:
Organization and management structure
Organizational culture
staff motivation

Each of these areas will be considered under Lewis Jeans and formal advice It will be given coverage: strengths and weaknesses inherent in Lewis Jeans. Recommendations for improvement.

organizational and managerial structures

"An organization is a system that has a past and conscious planning structure, in which people work and deal with each other in a coordinated and cooperative for the realization of tasks recognized "

the paragraph above is a typical definition of what makes an organization. The type of structure will affect everything about the organization, including the relations among individuals, which has the power within the authority to make decisions, and how information is communicated throughout the organization. Get the right structure in place to meet the organization's goals, and his personal aspirations is essential if the business is to prosper.

Lewis Jeans currently operates a geographic structure. Three production plants are located in the North zone, center and south of the UK. This geographical grouping of functions may be a viable option for some organizations, Tesco PLC is a prime example. Tesco needs to stores in most cities to allow its customers to purchase the goods it offers.

The geographical structure can have a number of advantages: respond quickly to local needs and issues, allowing the organization to become more sensitive to the needs of customers and employees. Bureaucratic 'red tape' can be reduced if each division is empowered with greater decision-making authority. There is a greater ability to customize the operations of local differences, such as language, law etc.

However, there may also be significant disadvantages: The duplication of structures and roles. They are required additional management positions. The lack of unity in goals and direction of the semi-autonomous units.

Lewis Jeans has little need for a geographic structure for the organization and many of the disadvantages discussed manifest themselves within the company. The argument for the three plants could reasonably be done if Lewis Jeans produced more products that required different processes, staff skills, equipment and machinery, and the supply of these products to different markets with specific needs. A company that primarily produces a range of products can benefit from a central manufacturing facility. One could argue that more storage facilities and distribution can be beneficial, and could result in a more economical production process, with efficient distribution throughout the UK.

The simplified organization chart below shows how the organization could be rationalized. The links flowing from top to bottom show the hierarchical structure (the direction of authority from above downwards). The horizontal lines show the lines of communication that must exist between functional areas. Each 'zone' forms a specialized team that will encourage teamwork.

A central management team consists of specialists in every field make strategic decisions on the objectives and the company's policy. daily meetings allow current and future issues to be decided quickly and efficiently. lower-level managers, to be developed through training, assessments, etc., will make decisions about the daily management of their departments. This allows the management team to look at 'the big picture' and not be consumed by day-to-day production, sales and distribution problems.

functional structure

The simplified organizational chart above shows how a functional structure may work for Lewis Jeans. The activity is divided according to business function performed by each department. Each functional area performs its specialized role in work towards the goals of the organization. Groups of specialists are delegated control over specific work areas, thus avoiding duplication within the company. The potential problems with regard to inter-departmental transfers and rivalries can occur but it is for the management team to solve these problems before they occur.

Product Basic Structure

The organization is divided by the products it sells. Each unit of product performs all business functions, while working towards the goals and objectives organizations. With only one main product, or a variation on the theme, this structural framework would benefit Lewis Jeans.

Matrix Structure

In a large organization can be useful to allow members of society must fall into more than one functional group. The introduction of "product development of Teams' that can produce more than one product (jeans, denim jackets) may be helpful. Marketing and sales could be linked, with the specialists who work in both areas.

Matrix structures have a number of advantages: the organization may focus on a number of purposes at the same time. the flexibility to adapt and respond to changing needs and resources. exchange of ideas between the multi-role personal, instead of insular approach isolated departments.

L '' matrix approach 'can result in an overly complicated structure, with employees losing sight of the main goals of the organization, a cause of more than one chain of command, you can check power struggles.

the geographical structure of Lewis Jeans can not be justified at this time. a central production units would have good business sense, locals who provide could be adapted, or new premises located. Alternatively, the North and South of production facilities, with an additional deposit central distribution allow adequate financial savings, coupled with greater efficiency. A new single production unit may authorize a reduction of as much as 30-40% staff, it depends on process improvement, technology transfer etc. of staff may be possible if they are introduced deposits for local distribution. Final consideration of positions would need to take into account the client's positions, export markets and the need for storage. If the products are transferred very quickly then a single distribution unit may be sufficient.

An additional benefit of a single production unit would be the possibility of implementing a robust quality control system to ensure satisfactory standards. There may be other factors involved in the matter of quality, which will be discussed later.

management structure

At present, the authority and decision-making is strongly centralized at headquarters, with Mr. Bart Lewis make all the decisions, and those decisions fall to the manager at production units. The flow of communication is very much in a downward direction, with purely appointed agents to carry out the directions of the Chief. The hierarchical principle derived from the theories of Bruno Lussato. The 'concept scale' considered an organization as a group of degrees, arranged in a sequence. higher grades made by the authority that could be delegated to the level immediately below. lower grades made no authority at all. Authority descended from the top down along a well-defined scale of all messages. In the current system by Lewis Jeans, little authority is delegated to all, with the managers of just over supervisors, passing down orders from above.

management styles

Lippitt & White are among the many researchers who have identified a variety of leadership styles. Strictly controlled (autocratic) leader alone makes the decisions, with the staff to be informed of these decisions and then carry out the task. Democratic (persuasive or consultative) The leader makes decisions, and then convince the workers that his decision was the right one. The leaders consult staff before making a decision. The leader has the final say, but takes into account the views of the staff. Laissez-faire (Loose) Opinions are not forced to personnel, without any formal structure for decision-making.

None of the above is the correct approach, but have different effects on those within the organization. The style of Lewis Jeans is autocratic in nature. This type of management style can have a negative effect on the cadres and workers. Managers can feel that they are not reliable or the power to manage their departments. The organization is oriented output, and this will certainly affect the motivation of all personnel. A supportive management style, as alleged are said to favor by Charles Handy: worker satisfaction. Lower turnover rates and complaint. Less inter-group conflicts.

With extremely high levels of staff turnover, the management style may have an important role in this area. Motivation is also significant and this will be discussed later in this report.

control spans

The time elapsed in an organization is important. General Sir Iain Hamilton said, "No brain can effectively control more than 6 or 7 other brains." It has been proven through research that the scope of control (number of subordinates that a person is directly responsible) should be 3-6.

At present Mr. Lewis currently controls sixteen managers, five in each of the factories and a manager centralized sales. Each factory has eleven directors and three supervisors. This is not an efficient allocation of power and authority. A person who has the responsibility every day for all areas of an organization, some of which may not be his area of ​​expertise can create certain functions deficiencies. As the organization chart on page 4 shows, with a higher level of trust and professional powers, experienced management, the '' control 'arc could be greatly reduced for Mr. Lewis, but expanded to the lower level managers. This would allow Mr. Lewis to focus on decision-making 'strategic' organization within a centralized management team, while allowing lower-level managers to focus on the day-to-day production issues, distribution, sales and marketing. Regular management meetings allow for updates on the production, sales targets and organizational goals, which may change due to the dynamic nature of the apparel industry. An appropriate structure should include weekly or monthly targets communicated to managers in charge. daily communication as at present will increase managers' opinions that are not allowed to 'manage'. The communication flow will be up as well as down the chain of command, giving local managers and subordinates a role in decision making. Those in local structures will be able to provide quality feedback on stock exchange issues, the quality, the conservation problems, etc. In this way the management team to adjust their goals and objectives according to the latest available information. In addition to this, a well-organized system of recording and monitoring will ensure that all communications, orders, sales, returns and forecasts can be used as historical data to support future decisions.

Organizational culture

The structure of an organization is strongly influenced by the culture within it. A definition of culture is "the way we see and we do things around here." History, traditions and structure are influencing factors on the culture of a company. Behavior of new workers within an organization is often influenced by the "rules" of conduct already prevalent. The need to 'fit in' and being 'accepted' can often put pressure on individuals to conform. Culture can change over time of new people join the organization and change external factor.

Charles Handy behavior observed in a large number of organizations and described four main types of culture.

Culture Power

The centralization of power is the main factor of this type of organization. A person takes all the decisions. Individuals may feel suppressed by those in power. A 'Power' culture is evident within Lewis Jeans.

Culture Role

Typically found in large organizations divided into layers of offices and officials. Power is hierarchical and determined by the position of a person within the company. descriptions of rigorous and communications work prevail. Very little room for growth and personal development.

Task Culture

A job or project-oriented organization. The task forces how a team, not strict, established rules and regulations. The freedom and flexibility can make for a rewarding work environment. Due to the lack of formality, the management and control of a task culture can be difficult.

Culture person

An organization with a group of people, all working at the same level. The hierarchies can not be formed without mutual consent.

Changing a culture to meet the organization's goals is not easy. Some authors believe that culture is created by the people, and a manager can not change on a whim. It 'widely recognized that managers' actions can have a profound influence on the culture within an organization, far more than written statements about what should happen.

A move away from the 'cultural power' within Lewis Jeans could have profound effects on the behavior of workers. Empower managers to make decisions, to run their departments, and to build trust and a desire within the workforce, to be successful both for themselves and for the organization. A tighter control bow to the management team will force them to focus on the direction of the business and not be directly involved in the production complexity, distribution and marketing. Provide suitable facilities, quality managers, business systems, and motivation of the personnel needs are met, the CEO and his team need to be figurehead for the organization, that inspire confidence, loyalty and trust in all.

staff motivation

Lewis Jeans has developed a tendency for a rapid turnover of staff. Less than 50% were within the company for more than a year. This creates problems for the organization: the lack of qualified personnel. Low morale among the current staff. bad image in the wider community, where new employees can be. A lack of vision team. Little motivation to excel and be equal to the challenges facing the company.

Managers can only perform well and achieve the desired objectives if they have a team just as motivated to work with them.

To make a realistic analysis of workers in Lewis Jeans, you have to relate some research into motivation, and the lack of it.

Abraham Maslow

Maslow popularized the theory that people need. Maslow developed a 'hierarchy of needs' and concluded that, when the needs of an individual have been achieved at a level higher level of motivation would be developed. The levels from lowest to highest are: Physiological Needs Shelter & Security Love and belonging self actualization

When applied to the workplace can be seen that the work can provide a means of helping people to meet own needs. Not all have the same needs, so this must be taken into account.

Frederick Hertzberg

Hertzberg carried out research based on interviews to find out what satisfied and dissatisfied workers. He found a number with sectors that were a potential cause for dissatisfaction. He called these 'hygiene factors. Only when the hygiene factors were adequately met other factors may improve performance. These are called 'motivators'.

Considering the structure, management style, leadership and culture to Lewis Jeans, and then considering the factors mentioned above, the reason why staff retention becomes more clear is at low levels. The provision of financial rewards and incentives such can provide short-term solutions. And 'necessary to consider that these rewards, together with low levels of motivation within the company are the main factor affecting the poor quality of goods. The staff have little loyalty to the organization, and they can see that churn out large quantities of goods, regardless of the quality can cause useful additions to undertake packages. There is a wide range of needs and reasons for most of the personnel. If they feel used, undervalued, and have little chance of self improvement, then the motivation to perform suffer. Whether to leave the company, or working at levels that reduce the purely financial bonuses to achieve quality. These symptoms are all visible within the company.

However, it is also a basis for the design of strategies that will alleviate these problems. Motivating the workforce through empowerment, delegation, the recognition and the opportunity to improve themselves will promote a real change in the world of work.

Staff Appraisals

evaluation of the regular staff are an essential part of the development of human resources of a company. An annual meeting with each staff member allows both parties to highlight the areas in which the performance was good, and to look for trouble areas that may need some attention. It allows evaluated to highlight the development needs they may have; This could include training or aspirations for promotion. The appraiser must ensure that a fair and non-confrontational approach is adopted, and to make it clear that the meeting is for the benefit of both parties. Ideally, the appraiser and appraisee should have appropriate documents to record their opinion at least 2-3 weeks before the evaluation meeting. When the discussion takes place, a 'meeting of minds' should take place, with both parties agreed on a way forward for the next year. An adequate reference system to another manager should be in place in case agreement can not be reached. The process must be transparent and honest. The staff may become resentful of the evaluation system, if not covered by all of the facts surrounding the system.

Recommendations for change

Lewis Jeans was like running with the same organizational and management structure for about ten years. In recent times the performance has dropped and most of the problems were created by the same organization. This can be changed. Changes in the structure can be made rather quickly. Cultural change can take much longer. Strong leadership will play a key role in changing this culture. The following recommendations should be implemented as soon as possible in order to ensure that the change takes place. With a change of this kind, there will be a transition period, but the impetus for change must be immediate.

Initiate changes to a functional structure for the company. considerable planning will be required to implement changes in certain rooms and re-employment of staff. This may not be possible in some cases and decisions must be made. Layoffs may be inevitable, but it should be a last resort. There is no reason why the organization can not introduce more facilities to afford the best options for functional departments. As part of the Finance Department there is a need for formal structures due to the procedural systems that need to be taken. This would almost certainly put quite prescriptive definitions of what the staff should do. Within a production or distribution department there will be more space for the staff to show individual flair and quality of team-working. There is no longer an option for an informal structure of these departments. This does not imply that an autocratic management style is suitable for any department, but it demonstrates that the different organizational and managerial structures can co-exist within an organization.

Management and Leadership style has to change. A central management team decide on the aims and objectives. This should take into account input from all levels of the organization. A Council staff allowing employees to contribute to the success of Lewis Jeans undoubtedly motivate workers. Meetings with all management levels ensure that the operators feel of confidence and power to deal with its services, areas where their expertise lies.

The changes in management style will certainly affect the 'culture' within Lewis Jeans. The 'power of culture' that exists currently is harmful to the future success of the business. People determine the success or failure of this organization. A move towards a 'task culture' in which staff work in teams, where there is little need for an authoritarian management, in which people feel that they can succeed and develop, should be the aspiration of the company. There can still be a discipline within the culture, but it should be more oriented towards 'self-discipline', rather than autocracy.

The motivation of staff is to be a focal point. All the above recommendations will contribute to this. financial incentive, if delivered properly can to some extent motivate workers. There are many other factors involved. A share of the profits, rather than production bonuses will focus on personal success, rather than short-term individual gain. The need to ensure the quality of products, thus increasing the good reputation of Lewis Jeans will lead to success and higher profits. These successes, that the labor force will have played a direct role in, will lead to financial rewards and personal pride.

The communication between all sections must improve. Within this report we discussed different strategies to improve the inter-personal communication. There is also a need to communicate organizational plans corrected areas. The meetings Central Management team will be the strategy agreement. This should be a consultative process. And 'essential to draw on all areas of expertise within the organization. Consultations with key personnel and Crafts union officials / staff council members will assist cooperation. weekly group meetings allow concerns to pass the chain of command, if necessary. Senior managers need to communicate directly with the team leaders whenever possible. The phone should be in place a backup system. The use of electronic / video conference connection can be used for remote locations.

For growth to occur for Lewis Jeans, an overall assessment of the marketing strategy is to take place. The last ten years have allowed Lewis Jeans fall behind the current market leader, with regard to the diversification of product base. The days when a style of jeans fit everyone went. There must be a thorough assessment of current and future trends, and adopted a marketing strategy to reflect this. There may be a need for the project team to develop (this could draw on throughout the company) skills to create a radical marketing plan. This will need to take into account product development, advertising, distribution methods (mail order catalogs, sales based on the Internet, point of sale). New products must meet the needs of existing customers, but to guide the products in the 21st century.

The image of the product is important. Potential users need to feel that these products can make a fashion statement. A large-scale exercise in public relations must be used to change views between the relevant public. This may consist of press releases, product advertising, advertising to showcase this exciting brand. If the package it can be used to make significant product, to convey the brand image, and make it appeal to customers. Marketing, therefore, must be at the forefront of the strategy.

Conclusions

This report puts some demands on Lewis Jeans. There are no simple solutions to their current problems. However, the organization can turn its fortunes around if you accept this report as the first building block for the future success. There will be no room for ego in Lewis Jeans revitalized. Everyone must pull together to make this happen. The people are the strength within this organization, and its unique, dynamic, progressive team, success is certain.

At some point in time, everyone who owns a computer will experience the trials and tribulations of hard drive failure. For many years, the need to recover information that was actually lost or destroyed has made data recovery such a beneficial profession.

Occasionally, due to age or bad parts, the aperture arm in the hard disk can fall short, or plates may end up being damaged and also drop the data in their possession. If you can not retrieve the information with the software, you need to send the hard drive as well as they have it either rebuilt or have specialists to recover data.

The data recovery is always an option, from hard drives that are 2 GB in size to the largest of over 300 GB of information. Regardless of what size hard drive you have, the information usually can be recovered. Remember that if you had a computer system crash, you need to send the hard drive off to have the information retrieved by professionals.

One of the key benefits of data recovery is the fact that the details may also be retrieved from the recycle bin. partition recovery, and even information that has actually been lost somewhere on the disk could be recovered. Although it might look like the data is gone forever - the professionals who specialize in the recovery information might get it.

From Windows to Mac, everything has been recovered. There are various storage facilities as well as formats, including NTFS and FAT32 also.

Those of you who have several hard drives in your computer system, could relax assured that RAID configurations may similarly be recovered.

anytime your hard drive crash or malfunction, recovery information is there to help you get back your data. Whether it is documents or important files that are needed for your company - you can rely on the recovery of information and recognize that you will get everything back the way it was.

For many years, the need to recover data that has been lost or damaged has actually made such ownership extremely important information retrieval.

If you can not recover the information with software application, you will need to send the hard drive and also it is rebuilt or have technicians recover your data.

retrieval of information is the best choice, from hard drives that are 2 GB in size to the largest of over 300 GB of data. Although it might seem like your data is gone for life - the specialists in data recovery could get it.

File systems are an integral part of all operating systems with long term storage capacity. There are two distinct parts of a file system, the mechanism for storing files and the directory structure in which they are organized. In modern operating systems where it is possible for many users to access the same file at the same time it has also become necessary for such features as access control and the various forms of file protection to be implemented.

A file is a set of binary data. A file may refer to a program, document, or in some cases a portion of the file system itself. In modern computer it is quite common for them to be several different storage devices connected to the same computer. A common data structure, such as a file system allows the computer to access many different storage devices in the same way, for example, when you look at the contents of a hard drive or on a CD is displayed using the same interface, even if they are completely different mediums with data mapped on them in completely different ways. Files can have very different data structures within them, but they can be achieved using the same methods embedded in the file system. The arrangement of data within the file is then decided by the creation program. The file system also stores a set of attributes to the files within it.

All files have names with which you can access by the user. In most modern file systems the name is composed of three parts, its unique name, a period and an extension. For example, the 'bob.jpg' file is uniquely identified by the first word 'bob', jpg extension indicates that it is a JPEG image file. The file extension allows the operating system to decide what to do with the file if someone tries to open it. The operating system maintains a list of file extension associations. If a user tries to access 'bob.jpg' then it would most likely be opened in any default image viewer's systems.

The system also stores the location of a file. In some file system files you can only be stored as a contiguous block. This simplifies storage and access to the files as the system then only needs to know where the file begins on the disk and how big. It does however lead to complications if the file is to be extended or removed as there may not be enough space to fit the larger version of the file. Most modern file systems overcome this problem by using linked file allocation. In this way the file to be stored in any number of segments. The file system must be sustained where each block of the file is and how large they are. This greatly simplifies file space allocation, but it is slower than contiguous allocation as it is possible that the file is scattered around the disk. Modern operating systems overome this defect by providing a disk defragmentation. It is a utility that rearranges all the files on the disk so that they are all in contiguous blocks.

information on file protection is also integrated into the file system. The protection can range from simple systems implemented in the first windows FAT system in which the files can be marked as read-only or hidden to most secure systems implemented in NTFS as the file system manager can set read and write separate the access rights for different users or groups of users. Although file protection adds a great deal of complexity and potential difficulties it is essential in an environment where most computers or other user can have access to the same unit through a network shared system or time as the Raptor.

Some file systems also store data about which user created a file and now have created. Although this is not essential for the operation of the file system it is useful to the system users.

In order for a file system to function properly they need a certain number of tasks defined for creating, opening and editing a file. Almost all file systems provide the same basic set of methods for manipulating files.

A file system must be able to create a file. To do this there must be enough disk space to accommodate the file. There must also be no other files in the directory that is to be positioned with the same name. Once you create the file, the system will make a record of all the attributes mentioned above.

Once the file has been created, we may need to edit it. This can be simply adding some data to the end of it or by removal or replacement of the data already stored within it. In doing so the system maintains a press in which the next write operation for the file must be write pointer.

In order for a file to be useful must of course be legible. To do this you must know the name and path of the file. From this the file system can ascertain where the file is stored on the drive. When reading a file, the system maintains a read pointer. This stores that part of the disk is to be read next.

In some cases it is not possible to simply read all the files in memory. The file system also allow you to reposition the read pointer within a file. To do this, the system needs to know which point the file you want the read pointer to jump. An example of how this would be useful is a database system. When a query is made on the database it is obviously inefficient to read the entire file to the point where the requested data is instead the application of database management could determine where in the file the desired data bits and jump to it. This file is often called seeking.

The file system also allow you to delete files. To do this you need to know the name and path of the file. To delete a file system simply removes the item from the directory structure and adds all the space that previously occupied the free space list (or any other operating system that uses free space).

These are the most basic operations required by a file system to function properly. They are present in all modern computer file systems, but the way in which they work may vary. For example, to perform the file delete operation in a modern file system such as NTFS that has the built-in file protection it would be more complicated than the same operation in an older file system such as fat. Both systems should first check if the file was in use before continuing, NTFS should therefore check whether the user is currently deleting the file you have permission to do so. Some file systems also allow more people to open the same file at the same time and decide if users are allowed to write a file back to disk if other users are currently open. If two users have read and write file should be allowed to overwrite a, while the other still open? Or, if a user has read-write permission and another only has read permission on a file if the user with write permission to be allowed to override if there is any possibility of another user even trying to do?

different file systems also support different access methods. The simplest method to access information in a file is sequential access. This is where the information in a file is accessible from the start one record at a time. To change the position in a file can be rewound or forwarded a number of records or reset at the beginning of the file. This method of access is based on file storage systems for tape drives, but it also runs on sequential access devices (like mordern DAT tape drives) as those of random access (like hard drives). Although this method is very simple in its operation and ideal for certain tasks such as media playback is very inefficient for more complex tasks, such as managing databases. A more modern approach, which facilitates a better reading of the tasks that are not likely to be sequential is direct access. Direct Access enables recordings to be read or written in any order on the application requires. This method of allowing any part of the file to be read in any order is more suitable for modern hard drives as too allow any part of the converter to be read in any order with little reduction in the transfer rate. The direct access is more suitable for the majority of applications of sequential access as it was designed around the support of most common in use today on the contrary of what storage is no longer used much except for large not in the back line -up. Given the way it works direct access it is also possible to build other access methods on top of direct access as the sequential access or the creation of an index of all records in the file for speeding speed up the data search in a file.

In addition to storing and managing files on a file system also maintains a directory system in which you reference files. Modern hard drives store hundreds of gigabytes. The file system helps to organize these data division into directory. A directory can contain files or more directories. As the files there are several basic operations that a file system must be in a position to execute its directory structure to function properly.

needs to be able to create a file. This is covered with a summary of peration of a file, but also creates the file must be added to the directory structure.

When a file is deleted, the space the file must be marked as free space. The file itself also needs to be removed from the directory tree.

The files may need to be renamed. This requires a modification of the directory structure, but the file itself remains non-changed.

LIST directory. To use the disc correctly the user needs to know what is in all the directories stored on it. On top of this, the user must be able to browse through the directories on your hard drive.

Since the first directory structures have been designed that have gone through several major evolutions. Before directory structures have been applied to systems to archive all the files were stored on the same level. This is basically a system with a directory where all the files are kept. The next advancement of this, which could be considered the first directory structure is the directory two levels. In this There is a singe directory listings that are all on the same level. The files are then stored in these directories. In this way, different users and store files across applications separately. After this came the first directory structures as we know them today, directory trees. directory tree structure improves on two-level directories, allowing directories and files to be stored in the directory. All modern file systems use tree structure of the directory, but many have additional features, such as security built on them.

Protection can be implemented in many ways. Some file systems allow you to have password protected directories. In this system. The file system does not allow you to access a directory before it is given a user name and password for it. Others extend this system as different users or groups access permissions. The operating system requires the user to sign in before using the computer and thus limit their access to areas that do not have permission for. The system used by the Department of Computer Science for the storage and presentation of courses Raptor is a good example of this. In a file system as NTFS all types of storage space, access to the network and the use of devices such as printers it can be controlled in this manner. Other types of access control can also be implemented outside of the file system. For example applications like winning zip allows you to password-protect files.

There are many different file systems currently available to us on many different platforms and based on the type of application and the size of the units several different file system suit situations. If you were to design a file system for a tape backup system, then a method of sequential access would be more suitable for a direct access method taking into account the constraints of hardware. Even if you have a small hard drive of a computer at home then there would be no real advantage to using a more complex system with features such as file protection as it is not likely to be necessary. If you were to design a file system for a round of 10 gigabytes would use allocation linked above contiguous to make more efficient use of disk space and reduce the time needed to maintain unity. I would also like the design of a direct access method for a sequential access one to make the most use of hardware strengths. The directory structure would be based tree to allow better organization of the information on the disk and allow for acyclic directory to make it easier for multiple users to work on the same project. It would also have a file security system that allowed for the different access rights for different user groups and password protection on indices and individual file system files.Several that already implement the features I described above as suitable for a hard drive 10 gigs are currently available, these include NTFS for Windows NT and XP operating systems and ext2 which is used in Linux.

Sincerely,

MBC Sam Harnett Master

Pixeko Studio - Web developers in Kent

Communications are a critical outcome of every successful project and a key management project soft skills. you may not have thought of communications as a final result real project, but it is. It may not be what your client or customer places the most emphasis on, but that's because every customer and the customer will have good communication for granted.

project communications is one deliverable that you are personally responsible and is one that has a great influence on the success or failure of the project. I say this because personal experience has taught me that the best-managed projects, delivering on all their promise, on time and on budget can still get a bad reputation and be perceived as failures. The reason: the project manager did not do an adequate job of communicating project success to stakeholders.

We hope that the information and template in this section will help you choose the right information, schedule, and communication vehicles for your project.

The main elements of project communication

Who to communicate to
You could just say it important to communicate with all parts of the project and leave it at that, but this approach would guarantee failure. Each individual stakeholder has a different set of requirements for information about the project, and prefers different ways to receive their communications. It will not be possible to define a single set of communications and communication vehicles for each of the stakeholders in most projects so the best thing you can do is identify the different categories of stakeholders and define the necessary information and communication methods that best suits group.

Executive Sponsor / Business Sponsor Probably the most key customer (s) of the project communication. It's going to be worth it to define a custom set of communication for each person in this category. In general, these are busy people who do not have a lot of time to read a lot of details. Charts and graphs that tell the viewer a lot about the project at a glance will probably work best for them.

Take the time to interview them about their preferences: what they need to know, how they want to be communicated with, and how often. Keep them informed about project performance is critical because sign the check for the project (including your salary). They also need information so they can keep their peers aware of the project's performance. Remember, they are samples of your project so that they are better armed with information, the better job they can do promoting your project.

Tip: do not report a problem to without them suggest a solution. For example, if you're reporting an SPI of less than 1.0 for the 2nd week in a row, you must include a corrective action with the report.

Project Team Members This is the single most populous group in the list of interested parties. It is advisable to divide the group into subgroups according to their roles. For example you may decide to have a different set of communications for business analysts and software developers, or for electricians and plumbers on the project. This group has a different perspective on the performance of the project sponsors: the sponsor views the project as work done for them. The team member sees the project as work done by them and then reports on project performance are a reflection on them. A good report pleases everyone - project sponsors and team members. A bad report will cause the sponsor to worry but may negatively impact team morale.

clients / customers, which may be internal to organization or external to it. These people can profess any particular interest in project communications to the final product or service is delivered. You need to overcome this lack of interest and Pique their interest in the project. The more knowledgeable they are about the project progresses through its life cycle, the more likely they are to accept the products or services derived from it.

Partners These are people who are doing work that is in some way affected by the project work. You can be both working on projects that are part of a program, or your projects may simply hit one another without further integration. For example, you may be managing a software project that requires a corresponding database project - the database project team is your partner. Alternatively, you can work on a new system software system that will use an existing web portal for customer access - the portal team is your partner despite the fact that it is not performing a project.

The Community Stakeholders It is an increasingly important category of stakeholders. As more emphasis is placed on organizations ethical behavior and social responsibility, there is a growing demand for projects to be performed ethically. One of the ways this is done is by treating those who do not belong to the organization of fact or for the organization of the customer / client, as project stakeholders. The consideration of these subjects must go beyond communications, but project communications constitute an important part of your ethical dealings with them.

Project Manager Do not forget to include yourself as an interested party. His project information needs are perhaps the most important for the project. If you do not receive the information necessary to run the project, you will not be able to share with other interested parties. Your requirements result from the need to be updated on the progress of the individual activities of the project so you can keep the project plans up to date and identify preventive or corrective actions.

Project Management Office (PMO) Your PMO may have requirements for project information making it possible to identify opportunities for process improvement. Although these requirements are very similar to the needs of sponsors, clients and customers to know how the project is progressing according to plan, his attention is paid to the project processes, tools, techniques and best practices that support. Your PMO may also be tasked to report on the progress of the project for the organization. Reports that the PMO is responsible for should provide very specific requirements for the information.

what to communicate
What are the project information to communicate to a group of interested parties is inextricably linked to the information that is available for communication. After all, you can not communicate what you do not know. On the other hand, if the need for the information is real and gathering information is feasible, you should make every effort to make it available. The choice of the information to be communicated can not be made without considering the tools and techniques of the project to gather information and vice versa.

project communications is a key element of the project, but should be treated as an end result of the project. Starts with the Project Charter: does not the project charter contains requirements for the information? If so, the information and its target audience should be included in the communications management plan. The scope statement may also include requirements for project communications. The statement of work (SOW) may also have caught the requirements for project communications. When you do a project for an external customer or client the SOW is your bible and any project communications that are part of the legal contract should be specified there.

After identifying the needs already expressed in the project documentation up to date, you must solicit the needs of various groups of stakeholders. This solicitation should be done in the context of what is possible for the project to be delivered. Be prepared to meet with your sponsor to identify their needs. Be specific to the presentation: If the SPI (Schedule Performance Index) is displayed as a bar graph with a rolling six weeks counting? It should be indicated as a graphic line with the reference line of 1.0 and a rolling six months loot? You may also want to tease some sample reports to let them choose the format.

A dashboard project is an important tool to communicate the progress of the project sponsor and other executives. The dashboard is designed to show the status of the project at a glance, and can consist of SPI project, CPI (Cost Performance Index), SV (Schedule Variance), CV (cost variance), PV (Planned Value ), AC (Actual Cost), and EV (Earned Value). As a general rule, you should not mix program indicators with indicators of cost, but you can view the schedule and cost indicators in any combination your sponsor wants. It may also want to include things like the top 5 risks, the five outstanding issues, metrics on change (number of requests for changes, the accepted number, the number of rejected, total costs, etc.), and quality (number of test, the number passed, number failed, outstanding bug reports, etc.). You should try to keep your dashboard to a handful of slides and provide supporting details in text or Excel format as backup.

You should repeat the requirements gathering exercise with each group of stakeholders, weigh their need for information with the project's ability to gather and communicate. Tip: share as much information as you can to the other groups with the project team (the people actually doing the work of the project), as you can. The organization may have policies or guidelines around what can and can not be shared outside executive offices; share as much information with the team as much as possible without violating these policies. You will find sharing positive reports will boost morale, while sharing negative reports will stop the rumors that will further erode morale.

Be prepared to capture and report information by stakeholder group, department or sub-project. The individual groups on your team will want the ability to view their progress in isolation from the rest of the team. Tip: make sure that your work is interrupted so that the activities carried out by individual groups or departments are identifiable. This will allow you to report Group Performance by the group or department by department and still roll totals up to report for the entire project.

The information is expected to communicate will lead the entire project activities. Your plans should include the metrics that must be met in order to support the information you want to communicate. You will need to identify who is responsible for providing the information and where the information is to be stored and reported. There are two questions you need to ask yourself before you commit to a relationship:
1. How can I get this information? (Ie what metrics do I need to capture and where will they come from)
2. Where can I store the parameters?
Failure to respond to both questions means that either you have to alter your plan to task someone to gather the metrics, identify a tool to capture and retrieve the metric, or drop the requirement.

Finally, do not forget individual accomplishments and rewards when reporting project progress. There's nothing like good news to keep the morale of the top team and the realization celebration a team member is something that most of the sponsors like to hear about.

How to communicate
There are many different means of communication available to you - face to face, e-mail, intranet, internet, mail, telephone, video conferencing, etc., Etc. , which can be grouped into 2 groups: communications "push" and "pull" of communication. Push communications requires to push the recipient information as the name suggests, while pull communications requires the recipient to actively retrieve information from a central source. Web sites and centralized repositories are examples of pull communications, while e-mail and meetings are examples of push communications.

Preference is to push or pull communications is typically a personal preference. Some people are concerned with better information when it is presented to them and some prefer to retrieve it at their convenience. Be prepared for conflicting demands from individuals in the groups of stakeholders. You may have to take the final decision on which method to use if there are conflicting demands. Alternatively, you may be able to identify a spokesperson for the group that will have the power to identify the needs of the group. The exception to this rule is the sponsor of the project. Because only one or two of these people there is, you must ensure that the communication methods suit their needs.

Tip: If you determine that the project must have a new tool, such as a web site, to meet a requirement of the interested parties, it is necessary to justify the cost with a business case . Communicate the benefits of the project in terms of business that justify the costs. You can also include the benefits that replace the project. For example, a web site or tool such as Lotus Notes could benefit all the organization carries out projects, and can also provide a benefit to operations. It may also want to explore having the PMO, or Operations bear the cost of the new instrument.

When communicating
Your communication program will be driven by the needs of your audience and availability of information to be communicated. For example, if you have the bandwidth, you could report on any metrics managed by daily MS Project files. On the other hand, it is not possible to report on the results of the meeting Porta until Porta meeting was actually held. There is also no reason why a report transmitted to a group of bi-weekly stakeholders, can not be communicated to another group every week.

You must use common sense, as well as capture the requirements your stakeholders. If you choose to use a "town hall" to communicate to all stakeholders, do not schedule the meeting to occur weekly. Tip: When you schedule a meeting that involves you (or another member of the team) the communication of information to the public, count the public, multiply that number by the number of hours the meeting lasts and multiply that number by the rate of work load for that group. Avoid spending large amounts on frequent communications.

Other meetings, such as status meetings with project team should be done more often to prevent the project going off the rails. I find that when the project is on track, weekly status review meetings are sufficient. When the project encounters problems, you might want to increase the frequency to better control the work. In extreme cases, as a rescue of the project, you may need to keep a day. Tip: When the project is running smoothly and you have an alternate means of identifying completed tasks, do not be afraid to cancel a review of state and give the team an hour off meeting!

Remember that communication is part of the project work. You should handle the work in MS Project files as other activities of the project, but be sensible - do not overload yourself by tracking every meeting in MS Project. You must use the style "go around" management if your team is placed, there is no need to keep track of each informal meeting you have with individual team members. Use MS Project to help control the project, do not overload yourself with work.

Tools and Techniques
Tools and techniques include the tools available to transmit information, the tools available to gather the information and tools available to store and retrieve information. Conveying tools include email, websites, webcasts, conference calls, video conferencing, public directories, town hall meetings, and graphics tools such as Excel. What you're communicating, how you need to communicate, and communication budget will determine which of these tools you will use.

There is a tool that rely on more than any other to manage information about the project: MS Project (or Primavera, if this is the tool the company has selected to use). These instruments are referred to as Project Management Information Systems (PMIS) by most PMP preparation courses and examinations in the PMBOK. These tools are able to capture, manipulate and signaling the most relevant information of the project so you must be very familiar with their use. There are many excellent courses available that will land in the fundamentals of their use.

The organization may employ a time tracking system, in which case it has an additional source of information. Your time tracking tool should allow you to report on the cost of labor for the project (ie support the charging time for the project code). It must also support the reporting of these costs by the group and the type of work. For example, it should say how much time was spent last week on the analysis of the software project. You should reconcile the metrics of time tracking system with the MS project files to ensure consistency. Tip: If the time tracking system is used to generate the pay check for your team, make your bible. A discrepancy means MS Project file may be inaccurate.

MS Project comes with a selection of "canned" reports ready to use. I have found that it is most useful for reporting progress of the project is the ability to export data to an Excel spreadsheet. Because Excel has been around so long is feature rich and supports virtually any type of chart or graph imaginable. The trick is to export the necessary information to base your report, then edit it in Excel. MS Project contains ample help facilities on how to export data.

I mentioned the two different categories for distributing information: push and pull. Many of the communications of your project lend themselves equally well to both methods. For example, if you communicate you can review your report of the panel with the steering committee of the executive project during a meeting, push it to the project team via an e-mail transmission, and store on a public directory or website of the project.

Finally, remember that the accuracy of the information provided on the project will have a profound effect, good or bad, on your reputation. You need to do everything possible to ensure that the information communicated is accurate. Measures such as reconciliation between sheets and MS Project files can save you from making claims about the progress of the project that are not supported by the facts. Even with that degree of information control can still be misleading or outdated. Be open and honest with your communication: inform the public where information comes from, how it was compiled, and how old it is. be imminent with all the information that could have an impact on the accuracy of the reports and let the audience to form their own opinions of the accuracy and value of your communications.

Heads Up Firefighters! Politicians are coming to balance their budgets out of your home and family. It's no secret that firefighters are forced to get more involved in politics to fight for the rights and benefits that other from previous generations have fought and won. Now, when times are tough, the politicians are going after retirement, wages and benefits. Stations are closed, and the workload is increasing. In practice, the firefighters are going to be working harder for less.

This is not to say that the firefighters have not yet beautiful advantages. So, why would I say that the firefighters need to look for a second job? Read on to discover the top 7 reasons of the fire brigade should consider a second job.

7) Training, training and more training . Being a fireman, literally is a job all risks. The only thing I do not do is shoot at people. Even then, the fire department can get caught in the way of those situations. Finding a second job, you can become an expert in something other than fire. Many firefighters are contractors or mountaineers or whatever. Those people are able to put on small training sessions in their area of ​​expertise that interests them that can help other firefighters, if you ever have to deal with a problem with these arguments. Or they can apply to their area of ​​expertise to help out at the department or staff.

6) Having something to look forward to with retirement around the corner is crucial. Just as new firefighters have to worry about getting laid off, the older fire fighters need to find a different outlet from work that will allow them to have something to look forward to. In addition, many retirees do not retire with their full salary, so that they too are watching live on less income ... a fixed income. Maybe they do not need a second job, but it is a choice, as opposed to running calls in their 60s.

5) to say bye bye to overtime. Many departments may already be at this point now due to many cut backs, but there are other departments that have had a hiring freeze means that representatives are and overtime is abundant. The problem is that if the departments begin closing stations (they are doing) or brown the platforms (they are doing), then it goes away overtime. And many firefighters are used to that little extra income, and will begin to go away.

4) Some firefighters may need to have some additional skills in case the word "L" is used. For the most part, politicians are not stupid enough to lay off firefighters, but that did not stop them from laying of police officers and sheriff, and if things do not improve, you will start closing more stations and will begin laying off firefighters. New employees will be those who are expendable.

3) The firemen are probably going to have to take a pay cut, give some benefits, pay more in pension or medical benefits ... or something to that effect. In some cases, a couple of these scenarios could be looked at. Firefighters enjoyed several years of good contracts, many with a lot of overtime and recruitment work. Today, the management and the politicians are trying to save themselves and are looking down for solutions. In the end, firefighters are taking home is going to be less than in the past, precisely the wrong time in this economic world.

2) To study and learn another subject other than fire, you can find an outlet that will help you cope mentally with the work of a firefighter. Obviously for the first years, firefighters have to learn as much as possible, and should continue that throughout their career. However, the opening of a book on woodworking, or computer programming or how to go on sale online quilts, can help take their minds off of some of the things you have to do. Everyone needs an outlet, and a program of work firefighters can enable them to learn a new skill and have a second job that is interesting, cost effective and most of all, a solid stress relief.

1) The fire department must have a backup Plan for the injuries. No matter if you are on the first call or the last, the possibility of a life-changing and debilitating injury is always present. It does not take much to put out a record, twist a knee or a shoulder tear ... among other injuries. Along with this, there are communicable diseases that can lay someone forever. There's workers comp and other insurance, but with the way things are these days, covered with lawyers, it is best to have things lined up for you. Our health is the most important thing we have, and you put on the line every day. And 'time fire brigade also make sure they are financially set, just in case.

With the emergence of e-document exchange, Portable Document Format (PDF) is an open-standard, which has gained great popularity. And 'self, safe, and it is fully capable of compressing large files. It makes easier the transmission of files between the multi-platform systems that preserve the appearance of the original document in order to avoid any communication problems, if possible. That's why it is a form of highly acceptable in the e-world file. There are plenty of options around when it comes to a simple PDF reader. Here, in this article we look at some of the main features that should be part of the best PDF reader.

The first feature to look out for in an ideal PDF reader is its magnification and reading options. It should offer a better reading experience of PDF with text enlargement, without any loss of quality and smooth, the smooth navigation. Annotations are another key feature that should be present in a PDF reader and that improve a user's reading experience. Annotations are as adhesive comments that can be added to a PDF document as notes, or review. PDF annotations are a great way to add a little 'understanding in a document like the notes stand out without obscuring any text or hinder reading skills. sticky notes are comments easier and faster to add a PDF file and work well, because they really stand out.

Users should be provided with advanced search options so that they are able to search for any specific string with a PDF document that you are reading. The PDF reader should not come up with a cluttered interface and should be easy to use. Users should be able to use it as their e-book reader and viewer. They should also be given the opportunity to manage attachments and headers and footers. Some of the features must be oriented towards commercial purposes. limited editing features such as converting documents in other formats that can be modified in other software in question can also be very useful.

Another attractive feature in an ideal PDF reader may be the option to save documents in PDF format, which can then be printed or reading as to the user's will. Users should also be allowed to easily enter the date, time, page numbers, headers, footers, custom text, graphics, logos and much more. With simple clicks, they should be allowed a few to add attachments to their PDF documents and add more life to them.